En el presente trabajo se expone y analiza la mutua influencia y desencuentros de la Bildung, propia de la Ilustración alemana y de su desarrollo posterior, con la cultura judía. La secularización y asimilación de los judíos alemanes a la cultura ilustrada, por una parte, y la demanda que representa la tradición y el culto, por otra, constituyen una tensión que afecta no sólo a judíos, sino también a todas las instituciones culturales alemanas. This paper exposes and analyzes the mutual (...) influence and disagreements of the Bildung, typical of the German Enlightenment and its subsequent development with Jewish culture. German Jews'secularization and assimilation into the enlightened culture, on the one hand, and the exigency that tradition and cult represent, on the other, constitute a tension that affects not only the Jews but also all German cultural institutions. (shrink)

Jair Bolsonaro, the current President of Brazil, has made himself into one of the most influent advocates of COVID-19 denial. His health policy and his political doctrine are partly based on an implicit moral claim, which is neglected by contemporary political theory. Bolsonarism’s rhetoric raises a moral claim to freedom without responsibility, which relieves its followers from the burdens that emerge from liberal accounts of liberty or from basic goods accepted in a political community. In opposition to liberal or communitarian (...) accounts, Bolsonarism endorses a Hobbesian concept of freedom that describes it as the absence of ‘impediments to motion’. Nonetheless, it differs from Hobbes because it treats this liberty as endowed with moral value and non-negotiable through a social contract. (shrink)

Para el historiador mexicano Edmundo O’Gorman la reflexión filosófica se constituyó en un arma o en un instrumento, cuya eficacia y necesidad surgieron de la lectura de diversas interpretaciones de los procesos históricos y de las meditaciones acerca de su naturaleza y su sentido. En su juventud O’Gorman se entusiasmó por el historicismo, pero posteriormente prefirió no adscribirse a una corriente o escuela específica sino a una tradición. Para O’Gorman, Vico forma parte del linaje de los historiadores a quienes no (...) interesa la historia comprobada sino la historia comprendida, no la constatación rigurosa de los hechos, sino su articulación en la dinámica global del pensamiento. Por eso ambos tienen coincidencias en sus reflexiones sobre la naturaleza del conocimiento histórico, la función de la imaginación, los métodos para entender la diversidad cultural y, sobre todo, el problema de aprehender una “universalidad racional” que no se limite al orden técnico–instrumental.PALABRAS CLAVE: Vico, Edmundo O’Gorman, historicismo, historia, pensamiento hispánico.According to the Mexican historian Edmundo O’Gorman, philosophical reflection was constituted as an arm, or as an instrument, which’s efficacy and necessity emerged from different interpretations of historical processes, and from meditations as to its nature and meaning. In his youth, O’Gorman was enthusiastic about historicism, but later we preferred not to be ascribed to any specific trend or school, but to a tradition. O’Gorman considers Vico as one of those historians who are not interested in history as something to be checked, but as something to be understood; not in the rigorous confirmation of facts, but in its articulation in the global dynamics of thought. Therefore, there are coincidences in their reflections on the nature of historical knowledge, the function of imagination, the methods to understand cultural diversity and, mainly, theproblem of getting an ‘universal rationality’ which would not be limited to the technical or instrumental order.KEYWORDS: Vico, Edmundo O’Gorman, historicism, history, Hispanic thought. (shrink)

Dysfunctions of the neural circuits that implement social behavior are necessary but not a sufficient condition to develop schizophrenia. We propose that schizophrenia represents a disease of general connectivity that impairs not only the “social brain” networks, but also different neural circuits related with higher cognitive and perceptual functions. We discuss possible mechanisms and evolutionary considerations.

We commend Arbib for his original proposal that a mirror neuron system may have participated in language origins. However, in our view he proposes a complex evolutionary scenario that could be more parsimonious. We see no necessity to propose a hand-based signing stage as ancestral to vocal communication. The prefrontal system involved in human speech may have its precursors in the monkey's inferior frontal cortical domain, which is responsive to vocalizations and is related to laryngeal control.

Proponer la existencia de filosofía en América Latina se convierte para muchos en un problema. Más dificultades se generarán ahora al proponer la existencia de una estética latinoamericana, teniendo como representante a un pensador colombiano: Nicolás Gómez Dávila. En medio de la obra de este pensador logramos entresacar una serie de códigos estéticos que, si bien están heredados de las concepciones europeas de la estética, podrían darnos atisbos de una mirada distinta otorgada por la observación de objetos y hechos generados (...) por el mestizaje sucedido en medio de tierras fértiles, agrestes y exuberantes como las de nuestra geografía. Realizar esta presentación implica repasar un legado existente, pero olvidado, por lo que actualizar una experiencia filosófica rica que, aunque presente, no se ha manifestado en nuestro medio de manera suficiente. Como objetivos principales de este ejercicio investigativo están: argumentar a favor del ejercicio filosófico realizado en Latinoamérica;proponer el ejercicio aforístico de Gómez Dávila como una aportación colombiana en torno a la estética filosófica; y repasar algunos tópicos estéticos que queremos entresacar en la obra de este autor para realizar un ejercicio hermenéutico de los mismos. Con este trabajo se espera alcanzar no solamente ecos en nuestro medio sino en las distintas latitudes donde ya el autor es reconocido, pero ahora desde la estética. La metodología empleada en esta investigación es realizada desde un ejercicio hermenéutico, en la perspectiva gadameriana. Esperamos proponer, como resultado principal, argumentos que corroboren las aportaciones de Gómez Dávila a la estética desde una perspectiva latinoamericana. Finalmente, concluimos que la estética de Gómez Dávila es de estilo clásicocon vínculos metafísicos, asociada a un canon griego y con una clara perspectiva cristiana, pero que ha sido elaborada por una mente perteneciente a un contexto latinoamericano, del cual no debemos extraer de ningún modo.AbstractTo suggest the existence of philosophy in Latin America becomes a problem for many. Even more difficulties are generated by proposing the existence of a Latin American Aesthetics, having as its representative a Colombian thinker: Nicolás Gómez Dávila. In the midst of this thinker’s work, we were able to identify a series of aesthetic codes which, although inherited from the European concepts of aesthetics, could give us glimpses of a different perspective given by the observation of objects and events generated by the miscegenation that took place in the midst of lush, rugged and fertile lands as those of our geography. To attempt his presentation involves reviewing an existing but forgotten legacy, and updating a rich philosophical experience that, although present, does not manifest in our environment sufficiently. The objectives of this research are: arguing for the philosophy made in Latin America; propose the aphoristic exercise of Gómez Dávila as a Colombian contribution to the field of aesthetics; and review some aesthetic issues that we want to conclude in the work of this author to conduct a hermeneutic exercise thereof. With this paper I expect to reach not only echoes in our philosophical community but in also in other latitudes where Gomez-Davila is already recognized, but now fromthe point of view of aesthetics. The methodology used in this research entailed a hermeneutic exercise, in the perspective of Gadamer. We propose some arguments supporting the contributions of Gómez-Dávila aesthetics from a Latin American perspective. Finally, we conclude that the aesthetics of Gómez-Dávila is of a classic style with metaphysical links, associated with a Greek canon and with a clear Christian perspective, but that it has been developed by a mind that belongs to a Latin American context, from which we cannot intend to separate it in any way. (shrink)

The thought of Nicolás Gómez Dávila is a great absent in the academic atmosphere of our Nation. This article’s intention is to present its principal assumptions, to measure its argumentative richness that could back up a true philosophical thought in our land. To revise his personal opinions in regards to different issues, such as his critique of democracy, modern rationality, Christianity, among others, might help us as an excuse to read a scholar that, though did not leave an immense production, (...) wrote a most interesting series of annotations and texts, that could appeal to every person interested in knowledge. Through his writings, there can be observed the critical view of a man that was raised in tradition: Philosopher, Christian, polyglot, a self-confessed reactionary. However, there is too a tinge of innovation, that turns his reading into something passionate. Thus, Gómez Dávila challenges his reader to know more, from the exquisiteness of his language he tempts the reader to discover even more... from his annotation he suggests the novelty, based in the tradition of thought of which he is extremely familiar with. (shrink)

This article problematizes the political category of the monster in Hobbes’s thought from a biopolitical perspective. Even though political thought has been traditionally focused on Leviathan’s figure as a political monster, here we pay particular attention to the maxim homo homini lupus, which can be identified with the werewolf. This figure allows us on the one hand, to show how the wolf becomes man with the creation of the State, and on the other hand, to show how there is a (...) constant threat of man becoming wolf, of the lupification of man. Hobbes’s discourse of sovereignty aims to neutralize the werewolf. This neutralization can be seen as immunization. In this sense, the werewolf operates both as poison and as antidote—pharmakon—within the State. The werewolf produces an inoculation with a therapeutical function: it is a dose of the same poison from which the State seeks to protect itself. (shrink)

https://revistes.uab.cat/enrahonar/article/view/v21-eggers.

En el presente artículo indagaremos sobre los aportes que pueden realizarse desde los feminismos del sur/Latinoamericanos al posthumanismo crítico. No pretendemos dar cuenta de las recepciones que el posthumanismo ha tenido en nuestras latitudes, por el contrario, nuestra intención es recuperar reflexiones propuestas desde los feminismos del sur que pueden inscribirse en los debates posthumanistas. Realizaremos un análisis documental de fuentes, que incluye tanto textos académicos como no académicos, producidos por teóricas no provenientes de espacios legitimados del saber. Específicamente, nos (...) centraremos en la noción cuerpo-territorio, pero alejándonos de toda mirada esencialista (que alude a una primacía originaria del cuerpo-naturaleza). Esta noción permite visibilizar dos cuestiones relegadas de los debates posthumanistas: 1) la articulación del concepto de Antropoceno con el extractivismo, y sus efectos diferenciales sobre el cuerpo y la vida de las mujeres y los pueblos indígenas, y 2) la interdependencia entre espiritualidad, memoria y buen vivir, como formas de apertura a ser-con-otrxs (humanxs y no humanxs), propuesta desde las cosmologías no modernas. Cuerpo-territorio no solo problematiza las dicotomías tradicionales que han estructurado el pensamiento occidental “falogocéntrico”, sino que también revela la historia de lucha en defensa del territorio-tierra y del cuerpo, de los saberes y del cuidado de la vida. (shrink)

This article problematizes the political category of the monster in Hobbes’s thought from a biopolitical perspective. Even though political thought has been traditionally focused on Leviathan’s figure as a political monster, here we pay particular attention to the maxim homo homini lupus, which can be identified with the werewolf. This figure allows us on the one hand, to show how the wolf becomes man with the creation of the State, and on the other hand, to show how there is a (...) constant threat of man becoming wolf, of the lupification of man. Hobbes’s discourse of sovereignty aims to neutralize the werewolf. This neutralization can be seen as immunization. In this sense, the werewolf operates both as poison and as antidote—pharmakon—within the State. The werewolf produces an inoculation with a therapeutical function: it is a dose of the same poison from which the State seeks to protect itself. (shrink)

Este artículo busca poner de manifiesto el pensamiento de María Zambrano en relación con la educación, para ello apelaremos a algunos de sus manuscritos: El Aula, La vida de las aulas, el espejo de las aulas y entre el ver y el escuchar, dado que los elementos allí tratados respecto al aula, la atención y los sentidos, actualmente cobran total vigencia, máxime si se considera que los avances tecnológicos proponen hoy al respecto una nueva re-significación, asunto que a su vez (...) conlleva nuevos desafíos para la comunidad académica, no obstante el llamado de la filósofa es que el docente, independientemente de los recursos que medien el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, procure mantener el sentido de humanidad que debe sustentar la acción educativa, en tiempos donde la deshumanización coloniza más terreno. (shrink)

La presente investigación con diseño metodológico experimental, de tipo cualitativa con un aprendizaje basado en método de observación a 15 estudiantes en cada grupo, como propuesta didáctica extracurricular, realizada dentro de la asignatura de Química General del tronco común en Ingeniería, implantada en tres semestres consecutivos 2018-1, 2018-2 y 2019-1, en el Laboratorio de Química, de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campus Guadalupe Victoria del Valle de Mexicali, en Baja California, México. La materia de Química General, es de carácter (...) obligatorio y está ubicado en el segundo semestre del tronco común de las ciencias de la ingeniería. (shrink)

A noção mítica de justiça esbarra em dificuldades e equívocos, mas pode ser resgatada pelo exame das características e dos elementos próprios ao pensamento mítico e de sua coerência interna tal como se documenta na Teogonia de Hesíodo. No teatro de Eurípides, a noção de justiça permanece pensada e determinada no interior do repertório tradicional de imagens e de noções, documentado na Teogonia de Hesíodo. Nos Diálogos de Platão, a noção filosófica de justiça exibe traços comuns da paradigmática noção mítica (...) de justiça e esses traços comuns configuram a homologia estrutural entre as noções mítica e a filosófica de justiça. (shrink)

Si bien Wittgenstein y Foucault pertenecen a distintas tradiciones – Wittgenstein a la filosofía analítica y Foucault a la filosofía continental– es posible señalar cierta problemática común sobre lo que comprendieron como actividad filosófica. En este artículo nos ocuparemos de la actividad filosófica a partir de las nociones de crítica y práctica de sí. Tanto Wittgenstein como Foucault realizan una crítica al modo tradicional como se ha comprendido la filosofía, como también al modo de hacer filosofía. Asimismo, la tarea filosófica (...) supone una práctica de sí, la cual puede ser considerada como propedéutica –Wittgenstein– o como parrhesía –Foucault. (shrink)

Social desirability bias is a pervasive measurement challenge in the social sciences and survey research. More clarity is needed to understand the performance of social desirability scales in diverse groups, contexts, and cultures. The present study aims to contribute to the international literature on social desirability measurement by examining the psychometric performance of a short version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale in a nationally representative sample of teachers in Kazakhstan. A total of 2,461 Kazakhstani teachers completed the MCSDS – (...) Form C in their language of choice. The results failed to support the theoretical unidimensionality of the original scale. Instead, the results of Random Intercept Item Factor Analysis model suggest that the scale answers depend more on the method factor rather than the substantial factor that represents SDB. In addition, an alternative explanation indicates that the scale seems better suited to measuring two SDB correlated factors: attribution and denial. Internal consistency coefficients demonstrated unsatisfactory reliability scores for the two factors. The Kazakhstani version of the MCSDS – Form C was invariant across geographic location, language, and partially across age groups. However, no measurement invariance was demonstrated for gender. Despite these limitations, the analysis of the Kazakhstani version of the MCSDS – Form C presented in this study constitutes a first step in facilitating further research and measurement of SDB in post-Soviet Kazakhstan and other collectivist countries. (shrink)

ObjectiveTest anxiety (TA) is a construct that has scarcely been studied based on Lang’s three-dimensional model of anxiety. The objective of this article is to investigate the repercussion of sociodemographic and academic variables on different responses for each component of anxiety and for the type of test in adolescent students.MethodA total of 1181 students from 12 to 18 years old (M= 14.7 and SD = 1.8) participated, of whom 569 were boys (48.2%) and 612 girls (51.8%). A sociodemographic questionnaire and (...) theCuestionario de Ansiedad ante los examenes-Adaptado (CAEX-A)[Test Anxiety Questionnaire-Adapted] an adaptation for Spanish secondary school levels (ESO) and Bachillerato were administered.ResultsGirls scored higher on the cognitive and physiological components of TA than boys, the intensity of the physiological response increasing with age. Bachillerato level students reported more physiological anxiety than those of ESO level. Students with better marks in the previous year presented more anxiety in the cognitive component, while those who obtained the lower mark presented higher anxiety values in the behavioral component. Participants reported that the types of tests that cause them more anxiety were oral tests in front of the class, oral presentation in front of a panel, and mathematics tests.ConclusionAdolescents show a differential response of TA based on the physiological, cognitive and motor components, mediated by the variables of gender, age, grade, academic performance and type of exam. These results serve to design specific intervention programs to manage anxiety in situations of academic assessment. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Trevor Hedberg and Jordan Huzarevich assessed a number of objections against practical apatheism, concluding that they are either unsuccessful or at least very controversial. The aim of this discussion note is to contribute to their discussion by presenting and analysing a short argument for a reason in favor of apatheism; one that appeals to a particular universalist formulation of the thesis of theodical individualism. After briefly introducing a distinction between a particular and a universal version of (...) apatheism, I present the argument, assess its merits in light of some objections to it, I conclude that at least one reason in favor of a particular practical apatheistic position is warranted by it. Finally, I suggest some alternative reasons that could be advanced in favor of apatheism, and I distinguish between strong and weak forms of apatheism. (shrink)

Different constructions of BL-chains are compared. We establish when the ordinal sum and the poset product of the same family of BL-chains coincide. We also compare the poset product of MV-chains and product chains with saturated BL-chains.

Introducción, traducción y notas de C. Eggers Lan y V. E. Juliá. Revisada por A. del Pozo Ortiz.

Scientific theories are pure theoretical models integrated by a categorical scaffolding. Marx built a pure theoretical model that he called the capitalist mode of production; the historicity of its categories expresses the modes of production from which the capitalist comes and others that followed different paths. It also implies the existence of social formations in which a dominant mode of production and dominated forms of production coexist. The agrarian community is the highest form reached in the community entity and from (...) it comes the peasant economic unit generated in the parcelling of the land during the ancient form and gestation of capitalism, which is why the construction of a peasant mode of production does not proceed. (shrink)